CSC 213, Fall 2006 : Schedule : Lab 2

Lab 2: A Simple Unix-Style Shell

Goals: To develop a simple shell program, following the same style as the Unix Bourne, sh, csh, and bash shells.

Reading: Nutt, Lab 2.1.  You may also wish to review section 2.4.

Discussion: The Unix shell is a familiar mechanism for interacting with a computer. While modern Unix shells include extensive capabilities, a simple shell facilitates two types of interactions:

1. setting or modifying environment variables, such as the current working directory or the search path, and

2. executing commands or programs issued by the user.

Collaboration: You will complete this lab in teams of 2 and 3, as assigned by the instructor.  (You may, of course, consult with other classmates on design and debugging.)

Overview for this Lab: This lab is based on Lab Exercise 2.1, A Simple Shell, in Nutt's book. Overall, this requires you to write a program to accomplish the following:

1. Read successive command lines from a terminal window.
2. For each command line,
   1. break the command line into tokens - the pieces separated by spaces and other WHITESPACE characters;
   2. place the command tokens into an array of command-line strings;
   3. identify the location of the desired program by searching the user's PATH variable for the given program; 
   4. use fork to spawn a child process; and 
   5. use execv within the child process to actually run the desired program.

Much of this lab has been covered between reading (particularly Section 2.4) and discussion in class. In particular,

• Nutt (p. 79-80) explains how to print a command prompt and read a command line.
• Section 2.4 discusses breaking a line into tokens using C's string function strsep. This approach also was illustrated in class, as part of programs fork-exec-2.c and fork-exec-3.c.  These examples also show loading an array with these tokens and using fork and execv to run a program within a child process.
• Nutt (p. 81-82) also gives an outline of the shell program.

For completeness, note that the following programs also were discussed in class:

• hello-world.c
• fork-exec-1.c

Lab, Part A: Due Friday, September 8

Combine the above pieces into a simple shell program. For this part, you may assume that a full path name is given for any program not in the current directory.  (That is, you do not need to implement parsePath(...) for part A of the lab.)

Intermezzo: Environment Variables

To simplify interactions with the user, a shell maintains a collection of environment variables. On Unix systems, two such variables are PWD and PATH. PWD holds the user's working directory, and PATH contains a sequence of directories - separated by colons, indicating where to search for commands issued by the user.

1. Open a terminal window, and type the commands pwd and echo $PATH

   The first of these commands returns the value of the PWD variable, while the second shows a more generic way of displaying the value of any environment variable.

2. Type the command echo $PWD to check that this returns the same directory as given by the pwd command.

3. Review the results of the echo $PATH command, to be sure you know what order directories are searched for a command.

   1. In what directory is the pwd command located?

   2. In what directory is the C-compiler gcc command located?

Program env-test.c illustrates the use of procedures getenv and setenv within a C program to read and modify environment variables, respectively.

• getenv takes the name of a variable as a string and returns the current value of that variable, also as a string.

• setenv takes three parameters - the name of a shell variable to be changed, the new value desired for that variable, and a "change" flag. The name and values of the variable should be strings, while the change value is an integer. setenv performs the designated change if the change variable is non-zero, but leaves the designated variable alone if the change variable is zero.

4. Copy ~davisjan/csc/213/examples/env-test.c to your account, compile it with gcc, run it, and explain the results.

5. Use the echo $PATH command to determine the initial path for the window's shell. Then run env-test and use echo $PATH. Is the PATH of the window shell changed? Explain briefly.

6. Modify env-test.c so that it retrieves and changes the environment variable PWD to refer to a designated directory in your account - other than the directory containing the env-test.c program. Compile and run the revised program, and indicate its output.

Lab, Part B: Due Monday, September 11

Use this background to fill out the outline for a shell, as given in Nutt's Lab Exercise 2.1 and in the outline at the start of this lab.

Work To Be Turned In

• Part A: a program implementing parts 1 and 2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e in the "Overview" above - due Friday, September 8
• Part B: a program implementing all parts of the "Overview" above - due Monday, September 11

Janet Davis (davisjan@cs.grinnell.edu)