Laboratory: Naming Values with Local Bindings

What are the values of the following let-expressions? You may use MediaScheme to help you answer these questions, but be sure you can explain how it arrived at its answers.

a.

(let ((tone "fa")
      (call-me "al"))
  (string-append call-me tone "l" tone))

b.

(let ((total (+ 8 3 4 2 7)))
  (let ((mean (/ total 5)))
    (* mean mean)))

c.

(let ((inches-per-foot 12)
      (feet-per-mile 5280.0))
  (let ((inches-per-mile (* inches-per-foot feet-per-mile)))
    (* inches-per-mile inches-per-mile)))

a. Write a nested let-expression that binds a total of six names, row, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon, with row bound to 0, alpha bound to RGB-BLUE, and each subsequent value to a redder version of of the previous name. That is, beta should be a a redder version of alpha, gamma a redder version of beta, and so on and so forth. The body of the innermost let should set five pixels of canvas to those colors.

Your result will look something like

(let ((...))
  (let ((...))
    (let ((...))
      (let ((...))
        (let ((...))
          (let ((...))
            (image-set-pixel! canvas 0 row alpha)
            (image-set-pixel! canvas 1 row beta)
            (image-set-pixel! canvas 2 row gamma)
            (image-set-pixel! canvas 3 row delta)
            (image-set-pixel! canvas 4 row epsilon)))))))

b. Write a similar expression, this time with row bound to the value 1 and alpha bound to RGB-BLACK. The remaining names should still be bound to subsequently redder versions of alpha.

a. Write a let*-expression equivalent to the let-expression in the previous exercise, but using a different starting color and row.

b. Since we're repeating similar actions, it seems like setting five pixels to five shades of a color is a natural candidate for using map or for-each. Sketch what such a command would look like (don't use let), and compare and contrast the two solutions.

When you are done, you may want to read the notes on this problem.

Consider the following expression, which is a potential solution to the previous problem.

(let* ((row 3)
       (alpha RGB-GRAY)
       (beta (rgb-redder alpha))
       (gamma (rgb-redder beta))
       (delta (rgb-redder gamma))
       (epsilon (rgb-redder delta)))
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 0 row alpha)
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 1 row beta)
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 2 row gamma)
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 3 row delta)
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 4 row epsilon))

a. What do you expect to have happen if we add the following definition before evalating that expression?

(define RGB-GRAY (rgb-new 0 255 0))

b. Check your answer experimentally.

c. Click Run to restore the value of gray.

d. What do you expect to have happen if we add the following definition before evaluating the let* expression?

(define rgb-redder 
  (lambda (rgb)
    (rgb-new (- (rgb-red rgb) 32)
             (- (rgb-green rgb) 32)
             (+ (rgb-blue rgb) 32))))

e. Check your answer experimentally.

f. Comment out or delete your definition of rgb-redder and click Run to restore the value of rgb-redder.

g. Suggest a way that we might avoid the kind of problem you just encountered.

h. What do you expect to have happen if we add the following definition before evaluating the let* expression?

(define + -)

i. Check your answer experimentally.

j. Comment out or delete your definition of + and click Run to restore the value of +.

Sometimes it's useful to see values as they are being computed. Here's a procedure that makes it easy to tell when an expression is being used. It prints the value it is called with and then returns the value.

(define value
  (lambda (val) 
    (display "Computed: ")
    (display val)
    (newline)
    val))

a. What do you expect to happen when you execute the following command?

(+ (value 5) (value 7))

b. Check your answer experimentally.

c. What do you expect to happen when you execute the following command?

(* (value (+ (value 2) (value 3))) (value (+ (value 1) (value 1))))

d. Check your answer experimentally.

e. What do you expect to happen when you execute the following command?

(define tmp (value (* 3 4 5)))

In the reading, we noted that it is possible to move bindings outside of the lambda in a procedure definition. In particular, we noted that the first of the two following versions of years-to-seconds required recomputation of seconds-per-year every time it was called while the second required that computation only once.

(define years-to-seconds
  (lambda (years)
    (let* ((days-per-year 365.24)
           (hours-per-day 24)
           (minutes-per-hour 60)
           (seconds-per-minute 60)
           (seconds-per-year (* days-per-year hours-per-day
                                minutes-per-hour seconds-per-minute)))
      (* years seconds-per-year))))

(define years-to-seconds
  (let* ((days-per-year 365.24)
         (hours-per-day 24)
         (minutes-per-hour 60)
         (seconds-per-minute 60)
         (seconds-per-year (* days-per-year hours-per-day
                              minutes-per-hour seconds-per-minute)))
    (lambda (years)
      (* years seconds-per-year))))

a. Rename the first version years-to-seconds-a and the second years-to-seconds-b.

b. Using value, confirm that years-to-seconds-a does, in fact, recompute the values each time it is called. You might, for example, replace

           (seconds-per-year (* days-per-year hours-per-day 
                                minutes-per-hour seconds-per-minute)))

with

           (seconds-per-year (value (* days-per-year hours-per-day 
                                       minutes-per-hour seconds-per-minute))))

c. Confirm that years-to-seconds-b does not recompute the values each time it is called. Again, make changes like those reported above.

d. Given that years-to-seconds-b does not recompute each time, when does it do the computation? (Consider when you see the messages.)

You may recall that we defined a procedure to compute a grey with the same brightness as a given color.

(define rgb-greyscale
  (lambda (color)
    (let ((component (+ (* 0.30 (rgb-red color)) 
                        (* 0.59 (rgb-green color))
                        (* 0.11 (rgb-blue color)))))
      (rgb-new component component component))))

You might be tempted to move the let clause outside the lambda, just as we did in the previous exercise. However, as we noted in this reading, this reordering will fail.

a. Verify that it will not work to move the let before the lambda, as in

(define rgb-greyscale
  (let ((brightness (+ (* 0.30 (rgb-red color)) 
                       (* 0.59 (rgb-green color))
                       (* 0.11 (rgb-blue color)))))
    (lambda (color)
      (rgb-new brightness brightness brightness))))

b. Explain, in your own words, why this fails (and why it should fail).

Some programmers find anonymous procedures a bit too anonymous. Hence, even when they only want to use a procedure once, they still name it. However, because they want to limit the impact of creating that procedure (e.g., they don't want to conflict with someone else's procedure with a similar name), because they don't want to bother writing the six-P documentation, or because they find their code is more readable if they name procedures, they write a local definition.

For example, here's an alternate way to transform an image by dropping all but the green component.

> (let ((only-green 
          (lambda (rgb)
            (rgb-new 0 (rgb-green rgb) 0))))
    (image-show (image-variant picture only-green)))

a. Load an image of your choice and call it picture.

b. Verify that the code above works as described.

c. Write a similar expression that computes a variant in which the blue component of each pixel is 255 minus the blue component of the corresponding pixel in the original.

Consider the following procedure

(define drawing-munge
  (lambda (drawing)
    (let ((d0 drawing))
      (let ((d1 (drawing-hshift d0 5)))
        (let ((d2 (drawing-hshift d1 5)))
          (let ((d3 (drawing-hshift d2 5)))
            (let ((d4 (drawing-hshift d3 5)))
              (let ((d5 (drawing-hshift d4 5)))
                (drawing-group d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5)))))))))

a. Explain, in your own words, what drawing-munge does.

b. Check your answer experimentally.

a. Here's the form of answer we expected.

(let* ((row 3)
       (alpha RGB-GRAY)
       (beta (rgb-redder alpha))
       (gamma (rgb-redder beta))
       (delta (rgb-redder gamma))
       (epsilon (rgb-redder delta)))
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 0 row alpha)
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 1 row beta)
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 2 row gamma)
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 3 row delta)
  (image-set-pixel! canvas 4 row epsilon))

b. The problem is relatively simple if we just want to set each pixel to the same color. To set row 6, we can use

(for-each (lambda (col) (image-set-pixel! canvas col 6 RGB-GRAY))
          (iota 5))

But how do we deal with the issue that we want each pixel a different color? We could start by making the list of colors one of the parameters to the for-each.

(for-each (lambda (col rgb) (image-set-pixel! canvas col 6 rgb))
          (iota 5)
          (list alpha beta gamma delta epsilon))

Now we need to figure out how to get those five colors. We could write the expressions explicitly.

(for-each (lambda (col rgb) (image-set-pixel! canvas col 6 rgb))
          (iota 5)
          (list
           RGB-GRAY 
           (rgb-redder RGB-GRAY)
           (rgb-redder (rgb-redder RGB-GRAY))
           (rgb-redder (rgb-redder (rgb-redder RGB-GRAY)))
           (rgb-redder (rgb-redder (rgb-redder (rgb-redder RGB-GRAY))))))

Hmmm ... that's almost as long as the original. It's also slightly less readable. Worst of all, it's much less efficient: ten calls to rgb-redder rather than four.

So, what should we do? We can stick with the original let expression. We can build a hybrid expression (one in which we generate the colors using a let* and then show them with for-each).

(let* ((row 6)
       (alpha RGB-GRAY)
       (beta (rgb-redder alpha))
       (gamma (rgb-redder beta))
       (delta (rgb-redder gamma))
       (epsilon (rgb-redder delta)))
  (for-each (lambda (col rgb) (image-set-pixel! canvas col row rgb))
            (iota 5)
            (list alpha beta gamma delta epsilon)))

Perhaps we can find a more creative way to make the sequence of colored pixels. We'll leave that last technique to your imagination.