Summary: In this laboratory, you will explore some basic concepts in recursing over lists.

In this laboratory, we will not be working with images (just with colors and with lists), so you need not create an image. a. Make a copy of recursion-basics-lab.scm, which contains most of the code from the reading. b. Review the procedures in the file so that you understand their purpose (if not necessarilly the process by which they acheive their purpose). c. Create a list of a dozen or so RGB colors (red, black, green, blue, yellow, orange, purple, white, black, etc.). Name it my-colors. You may find it easiest to create a list of color names and convert it to RGB colors using map. (define my-colors (map color->rgb (list "red" "orange" "yellow" "green" "blue" "indigo" "violet" "black" "white" "grey" "purple")))

a. Read through sum so that you have a sense of its approach to accomplishing its purpose b. Verify that sum produces the same results as in the corresponding reading. c. What value do you expect sum to produce for the empty list? d. Check your answer experimentally. e. What value do you expect sum to produce for a singleton list? (A singleton list is a list with only one value.) f. Check your answer experimentally. g. Try sum for a few other lists, too. h. What do you expect the following to compute? > (sum 1 2 3) i. Check your answer experimentally.

a. Read through the definition of rgb-filter-out-dark to try to understand what it does. b. Determine which colors in my-colors are dark with (map rgb-dark? my-colors). c. Create a list of non-dark colors with (rgb-filter-out-dark my-colors). d. Verify that all the resulting colors are not dark, using a technique similar to the one that you used in step b. e. Find out the names of the non-dark colors with > (map rgb->color-name (rgb-filter-out-dark my-colors))

Suppose the length procedure, which computes the length of a list, were not defined. We could define it by recursing through the list, counting 1 for each value in the list. In some sense, this is much like the definition of sum, except that we use the value 1 rather than the value of each element. a. Using this idea, write a recursive procedure, (list-length lst) that finds the length of a list. You may not use length in defining list-length. b. Check your answer on a few examples: the empty list, the list of colors you created, and a few more lists of your choice.

Write a recursive procedure, (product nums), that computes the product of a list of numbers. You should feel free to use sum as a template for product. However, you should think carefully about the base case.

The length procedure counts the number of values in a list. What if we don't want to count every value in a list? For example, what if we only want to count the dark values in a list of colors? In this case, we still recur over the list, but we sometimes count 1 (when the color is dark) and sometimes count 0 (when the color is not dark). a. Using this idea, write a procedure, (rgb-tally-dark colors), that, given a list of colors, counts how many are dark. Note: You should not call list-length, length, or rgb-filter-dark in your solution. Instead, use the ideas behind these functions in crafting your own recursive solution. b. Test your procedure.

In the past, we've found it useful to find the average of two colors. Let's consider how we might find the average of a list of colors. First, we would need to find the number of colors in the list. That's easy, we just use the length procedure. Next, we need to find the sum of each component. That's a bit harder, but let's suppose we can do it. We next divide each sum by the length, and get the average of that component. Finally, we put it all together with rgb-new. That is, we might write Of course, for this to work, we need to write sum-red, sum-blue, and sum-green. For now, we'll write one of the three. (One we've written that one, the other two should be obvious.) a. Write a procedure, (sum-red colors), that computes the sum of the red components in a list of colors. You should use direct recursion in your definition sum-red. (That is, you should use recursion, and not take advantage of the already-written sum procedure, other than as a template for your code.) You may want to base your definition on the definition of sum. b. Test your procedure on a list of a single color. c. Test your procedure on the my-colors list you wrote earlier. d. It is possible to write sum-red without using direct recursion. How? An appropriate combination of map and sum. Try doing so. If you can't find a solution, look at the notes on this problem.

Write a procedure, (filter-out-reds colors), that filters out all elements of colors with a red component of at least 128.

Write a procedure, (rgb-darkest colors), that, given a nonempty list of colors, finds the darkest of those colors.

Write a procedure, (closest-to-zero values), that, given a list of real numbers (including both positive and negative numbers), returns the value closest to zero in the list. Hint: Think about how, given two numbers, you determine which is closer to zero. Hint: Think about how this problem is similar to a problem or problems we've solved before.

We've seen how to average two colors and a list of colors. But what if we want to do something different: Given a list of colors, we want averages, but only of neighboring elements in the list. Write a procedure, (rgb-averages colors), that, given a list of colors, computes a new list of colors, by averaging subsequent pairs of colors. For example, if the input list is the standard seven rainbow colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet), the output list will consist of a red-orange average, an orange-yellow average, a yellow-green average, a green-blue average, a blue-indigo average, and an indigo-violet average. Once again, the length of the result list is one less than the length of the input list.

We can use map to extract the red component of each color. (map rgb-red colors) That gives us a list of numbers, which we can sum with sum. (sum (map rgb-red colors)) Putting it all together in a procedure, we get (define sum-red (lambda (colors) (sum (map rgb-red colors)))) Return to the problem.