Summary: We examine the building blocks of one of the common kinds of algorithms used for RGB colors: Generating new colors from existing colors.

We have just started to learn about RGB colors, and so the operations we might do on images and colors are somewhat basic. How will we expand what we can do, and what we can write? In part, we will learn new Scheme techniques, applicable not just to image computation, but to any computation. In part, we will learn new functions in the MediaScript library that support more complex image computations. In part, we will write our own more complex functions. We've been focusing primarily on how one might write algorithms to make new images. However, it is equally useful to manipulate existing images. So, what kinds of things might we do with existing images? One common algorithmic approach to images is the construction of filters, algorithms that systematically convert one image to another image. Complex filters can do a wide variety of things to an image, from making it look like the work of an impressionist painter to making it look like the image has been painted onto a sphere. However, it is possible to write simple filters with not much more Scheme than you know already. Over the next few readings and labs we will consider filters that are constructed by transforming each color in an image using an algorithm that converts one RGB color to another. In the first RGB lab, you began to think about such algorithms as you computed the pseudo-complement of an RGB color or varied the components of the color. In this reading and the corresponding lab, we will consider the basic building blocks of filters: MediaScript's basic operations for transforming colors and the ways to combine them into more complex color transformations. In the lab, you will also explore how to write your own transformations. In the next reading, we will see how to use those transformations to transform whole images. After that, we'll explore how you write new transformations.

Rather than writing every transformation from scratch, we will start with a few basic transformations that MediaScript includes.

The simplest transformations are rgb-darker and rgb-lighter. These operations make a color a little bit darker and a little bit lighter. If you apply them repeatedly, you can darker and darker (or lighter and lighter) colors. > (define sample (color-name->rgb "blueviolet")) > (rgb->string sample) "138/43/226" > (define darker-sample (rgb-darker sample)) > (rgb->string darker-sample) "122/27/210" > (define lighter-sample (rgb-lighter sample)) > (rgb->string lighter-sample) "154/59/242" > (define doubly-darker-sample (rgb-darker (rgb-darker sample))) > (rgb->string doubly-darker-sample) "106/11/194" sample sample, darker-sample sample, lighter-sample sample, doubly-darker-sample Note that these are pure procedures. When you compute a darker or lighter version of a color, the purpose is to create a new color. Hence, the original color is unchanged.

In addition to making the color uniformly darker or lighter, we can also increase individual components using rgb-redder, rgb-greener, and rgb-bluer. > (define sample (color-name->rgb "blueviolet")) > (rgb->string sample) "138/43/226" > (rgb->string (rgb-redder sample)) "170/43/226" > (rgb->string (rgb-greener sample)) "138/75/226" > (rgb->string (rgb-bluer sample)) "138/43/255" sample, (rgb-redder sample) sample, (rgb-greener sample) sample, (rgb-bluer sample) As the examples suggest, for some people, making a color slightly redder, greener, or bluer is hard to detect. Sometimes it's easier to see the changes if we make the transformations a few times. (Since the first call to rgb-bluer increases the blue component to its largest value, we won't see further increases.) sample, (rgb-redder (rgb-redder sample)) sample, (rgb-greener (rgb-greener sample)) sample, (rgb-bluer (rgb-bluer sample))

The rgb-rotate procedure rotates the red, green, and blue components of a color, setting red to green, green to blue, and blue to red. It is intended mostly for fun, but it can also help us think about the use of these components. The rgb-phaseshift procedure is another procedure with less clear uses. It adds 128 to each component with a value less than 128 and subtracts 128 from each component with a value of 128 or more. While this is somewhat like the computation of a pseudo-complement, it also differs in some ways. Hence, MediaScript also provides an rgb-complement procedure that computes the pseudo-complement of an RGB color. > (define sample (color-name->rgb "blueviolet")) > (rgb->string sample) "138/43/226" > (rgb->string (rgb-rotate sample)) "43/226/138" > (rgb->string (rgb-phaseshift sample)) "10/171/98" > (rgb->string (rgb-complement sample)) "117/212/29" sample, (rgb-rotate sample) sample, (rgb-phaseshift sample) sample, (rgb-complement sample)

Now that we know some basic transformations to apply to colors, we can use those transformations in a variety of ways. First, we can use it to change one pixel in an image. How? We get the color of the pixel, transform it, and then set the color of the pixel. For example, here's how we might phase shift the top-left pixel in the image called landscape. > (image-set-pixel! landscape 0 0 (rgb-phaseshift (image-get-pixel landscape 0 0))) What if we instead wanted to make pixel at (2,3) a bit redder? We'd write something like the following. > (image-set-pixel! landscape 2 3 (rgb-redder (image-get-pixel landscape 2 3))) How about if we wanted to darken the top-left pixel of a different image, one called portrait? The instruction would be much the same. > (image-set-pixel! portrait 0 0 (rgb-darker (image-get-pixel portrait 0 0))) As we just noted, each of these examples is quite similar. The examples differ in the image, the position, and the transformation, but the rest of the code is the same. (For example, we need to call both image-set-pixel! and image-get-pixel in the same way.) We also see ourselves duplicating a lot. In each case, we need to write the name of the image twice and the position twice. As you might guess, having to repeat the same information again and again often leads to errors. When computer programmers realize that they are writing nearly identical expressions again and again and again, they tend to write new functions that encapsulate the common portions. Many call this process refactoring. The designers of MediaScript certainly expected people to change pixels, and did so themselves. To help programmers, they refactored the code and devised a more concise way to change a pixel, which they called (image-transform-pixel! image column row transformation). Hence, to do the same three operations given above, using image-transform-pixel!, we would write the following. > (image-transform-pixel! landscape 0 0 rgb-phaseshift) > (image-transform-pixel! landscape 2 3 rgb-redder) > (image-transform-pixel! portrait 0 0 rgb-darker) This code is certainly a bit more concise, and perhaps even easier to understand. However, behind the scenes, it does exactly the same thing that the previous code. How is image-transform-pixel! implemented? Let's look at the code from the MediaScript library. Is there anything surprising about the image-transform-pixel! procedure? We hope you won't find it surprising, but some of you who have programmed before may note something a bit puzzling - We've made one procedure (rgb-phaseshift, rgb-redder, or rgb-darker) a parameter to another procedure (image-transform-pixel!). Not all programming languages permit you to make procedures parameters, but those that do can help you write more clearly and concisely, as in this example.

If you think back to the beginning of this reading, you may recall that we suggested that one reason to learn to transform colors is that by transforming colors, you can also build filters. Do we have enough information to write a filter for a four-by-three image? Certainly. Suppose we wanted to compute the complement of this image. We could write a sequence of calls to the image-transform-pixel! procedure. (image-transform-pixel! canvas 0 0 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 0 1 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 0 2 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 0 3 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 1 0 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 1 1 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 1 2 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 1 3 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 2 0 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 2 1 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 2 2 rgb-complement) (image-transform-pixel! canvas 2 3 rgb-complement) That's certainly an awful lot of typing, even for a small image. In the next reading, we'll consider some disadvantages of this technique and learn how to get MediaScript to automatically figure out all of the calls for an image.

At the beginning of this reading, you learned a few basic procedures for transforming colors. Are these the only ways that you can transform colors? Certainly not! You are free to write your own color transformations. For example, you might decide that rgb-greener does not make colors sufficiently greener, since it only affects the green component. (Arguably, to make something look greener, we might not only increase the green component, but also decrease the red and blue components.) Hence, you could write your own version as follows: > (define sample (color-name->rgb "blueviolet")) > (rgb->string sample) "138/43/226" > (rgb->string (greener sample)) "106/107/194" sample, (greener sample) Of course, this is not the only way to define a procedure like greener. We could also define it in terms of the existing procedures. For example, since rgb-greener seems to increment the green component by 32 and rgb-darker seems to decrement all three components by 16, we could try something like > (define sample (color-name->rgb "blueviolet")) > (rgb->string sample) "138/43/226" > (rgb->string (greener2 sample)) "106/107/194" There are also color transformations you cannot build (at least not easily) from the basic transformation. For example, suppose you want to eliminate extreme colors. You might choose to bound each component so that it is at least 64 and no more than 192. If we rely on the bound procedure from the lab on numeric values, we can write something like > (define sample (color-name->rgb "blueviolet")) > (rgb->string sample) "138/43/226" > (rgb->string (rgb-bound sample)) "138/64/192" > (define black (color-name->rgb "black")) > (rgb->string black) "0/0/0" > (rgb->string (rgb-bound black)) "64/64/64" > (context-list-colors "smoke") ("whitesmoke") > (define smoke (color-name->rgb "whitesmoke")) > (rgb->string smoke) "245/245/245" > (rgb->string (rgb-bound smoke)) "192/192/192" sample, (rgb-bound sample) black, (rgb-bound black) smoke, (rgb-bound smoke)

So, what should you take away from what we've just learned? You now know a few new functions in MediaScript, particularly functions that transform colors. You've now learned about a technique that computer scientists use, refactoring, which involves writing new functions that encapsulate common code. You've seen that Scheme permits procedures to take other procedures as parameters, and that this permission supports refactoring. You've also learned how to write your own transformations. For the immediate future, knowing the particular transformations will be helpful. Over the longer term, knowing about refactoring and knowing how to use procedures as parameters will be even more helpful (just as knowing how to write your own procedures is more helpful than knowing any particular procedure).